Explore the basics of executive function and dysfunction in this informative blog. Understand the cognitive skills, related conditions, and treatment options.
Written by Sarah Talarico and reviewed by Shawn Horn PsyD, PS
What is Executive Function?
Due to the executive function's complex and multifaceted nature, theoretical perspectives, different research focuses, and methodologies, there is no operational definition nor official theory on the concept of executive function. However, it’s generally understood that executive function (EF) refers to a set of cognitive skills that help us make decisions and manage our behavior to fulfill our goals and navigate life successfully.
Many skills fall into executive function, such as emotional regulation, time management, planning, self-awareness, and task initiation, but the core components of EF are categorized as working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility.
Working Memory
Working memory is how we remember and manipulate information. There are two types of working memory: nonverbal (visual-spatial) and verbal (auditory) working memory. Working memory involves reasoning, language, the ability to do math, comprehension, and problem-solving.
Inhibition
Inhibition, also known as self-control or impulse control, is the ability to manage our impulses to do what’s needed or appropriate despite having a strong internal predisposition or external lure (Diamond, 2013).
Cognitive Flexibility
Cognitive flexibility helps us shift and adapt to the world around us. This skill allows us to multitask, switch perspectives, pivot our attention, and be flexible with change. Interpersonally, cognitive flexibility allows us to perspective-take, meaning we can see from other people’s points of view.
Signs of Executive Dysfunction
Struggling to focus and often daydreaming or easily distracted
Difficulty planning and following through
Thinks before acting or speaking, often makes hasty decisions
Struggles with multitasking
Having trouble organizing and prioritizing
Struggle to get or stay motivated
Having trouble managing time
Having a hard time managing emotions and solving conflict
Can't articulate thoughts or feelings
Difficulty remembering details or instructions
Forgets important dates or deadlines
Difficulty estimating time or one's abilities
Inflexible with change
Ridgid thinking, unable to adapt
Unable to understand other's perspective
Often misplacing items and forgetting where things are
Interrupting others or blurting out during inappropriate times
Lack of self-awareness and impact on others
Has frequent emotional outbursts or mood swings
Difficulty calming down after being upset
Socially awkward or inappropriate, not understanding social cues or norms
Often procrastinates
Causes of Executive Dysfunction
Anyone can experience challenges with executive function; however, experts have linked executive dysfunction to several conditions, including:
Neurodevelopmental disorders:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Schizophrenia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Developmental and genetic conditions:
Learning disabilities
Genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome (FXS)
Psychological or psychiatric conditions:
Depression
Anxiety disorders
Bipolar disorder
Neurological conditions and neurodegenerative diseases:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Stroke
Dementia
Substance abuse
Sleep disorders
Chronic stress
Does Executive Dysfunction Ever Go Away?
Treatment largely depends on the underlying cause of executive dysfunction and the varying degrees of severity. For example, treating chronic conditions such as ADHD will only minimize symptoms, but challenges with executive dysfunction are often lifelong. Whereas temporary conditions like depression or anxiety, symptoms of executive dysfunction will eventually diminish with the proper treatment. Brain damage and neurodegenerative diseases are harder to treat, and sometimes the damage may be permanent.
Care and Treatment
Care and treatment options may include:
Therapeutic interventions
Occupational therapy
Psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and behavioral therapy
Coaching such as executive function coaching, ADHD coaching, and organizational coaching
Medication
Simulant medications for ADHD
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Life modifications:
Exercise and diet
Sleep hygiene
Remember, each individual may express different symptoms, and it’s always best to speak with a healthcare provider so they can devise a treatment plan that is best suited for your needs.
If you have ADHD and are looking for more guidance on how to get your treatment started, read this blog: Empower Yourself: 10 Ways to Advocate for Your ADHD Healthcare Needs
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Disclaimer for Inspired Living Blog
The information on the Inspired Living Blog is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is not meant to replace professional psychological advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While the content on this blog is provided with the utmost care and accuracy regarding mental health and psychological topics, it is not a substitute for professional consultation with a qualified psychologist or healthcare provider.
Readers are advised that the understanding and interpretation of mental health issues are complex and highly individualized. Therefore, the insights and guidance provided on this blog should not be used to diagnose or treat any mental health condition independently. If you are struggling with mental health issues, it is crucial to seek the advice of a licensed professional who can provide you with personalized care and support.
References
Barkley, R. A. (2020). Executive functions: What they are, how they work, and why they evolved. Guilford Press.
Cowan, N. (2014). Working memory underpins cognitive development, learning, and education. Educational Psychology Review, 26(2), 197–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-013-9246-y
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
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